Cells have sophisticated methods of sensing stimuli and communicating with nearby cells in response to these stimuli. For example, macrophages can sense environmental stimuli—tissue damage, foreign ...

Cytokines are a group of small molecule proteins or polypeptides that are synthesized, stimulated, or secreted by immune cells (including monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells, etc.) and ...

Cytokines and their kin, alternatively called interleukins, growth factors, interferons, necrosis factors, and others, are soluble messengers responsible for communication between nearby cells, ...

T cells, together with B cells, are the workhorses of the adaptive immune response. And although some cells that are associated with the innate immune response can take on adaptive properties, it has ...

Cancer immunotherapy is an evolving field of research. Cytokines are a key area of interest in cancer immunotherapy; however, challenges are faced when translating their use from the lab to the clinic ...

Structural equivalence is demonstrated through the comparison of a synthetic multinuclear metal complex (left) versus the designer enzyme in this report (right). A collaborative research team led by ...

People often get immunotherapy as a treatment for cancer. These immunotherapy treatments can be effective, but they may cause your immune system to have an unnatural response. Your body, as a result ...

Microglial cells, the primary immune cells of the brain and central nervous system, are known to undergo striking morphological changes in response to sensory or neural stimuli. However, the ...

Last year, around the Thanksgiving holiday, the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant emerged, harboring “many more mutations in the spike protein and seemed to be more infectious,” Dr. Taran Gujral, part of the ...